Routing Protocol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Routing Protocol - Essay Example Enhanced interior Gateway routing Protocol is an advanced distance vector routing protocol which reduces routing uncertainty which developed after re-arrangement of various computer network elements. Routers which operate through EIGRP involuntarily spread data packets to the interior gateway routing protocol by changing the 32 bit enhanced interior gateway to 24 bit interior gateway. Since EIGRP uses a dual update algorithm (DUAL) its confluence is much faster. The time taken to transmit data packets through the telecommunication network from the source destination is from 65ms up to 185ms. Open Shortest Path first (OSPF) developed by Interior gateway protocol, conveys information in an automatic system. Different versions of OSPF include the OSPF version one and the OSPF versions two. OSPF has been widely used in large scale network connections. Open Shortest path operates by acquiring information from the neighbouring routers then developing a path for the network. The schematic arrangement of the network establishes the routing mechanism on the internet layer. If there are changes of the network arrangement, the OSPF closes in on a new loop, by analyzing the shortest path for the different routers using the graph search algorithm with all positive path costs. The main advantages of the Open shortest path first are it can reduce router paths as well as configuring an area through minimizing the size of a routing table. OSPF also supports various routes and length of an IP address. Comparing the two routing protocols regarding end to end delay, throughput and delay jitter, the end to end delay of EIGRP and OSPF is from 65ms to 185 ms with a 15% network load. As seen from the graph below, when the background load is set to 40%, The EIGRP raises to 200 ms while the OSPF rises to 4.4 seconds. With a more background load, EIGRP and OSPF delay, elevates to 600

Buddhism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Buddhism - Research Paper Example The region of Buddhism unlike its predecessor Confucianism was able to directly address the concept of human suffering. This is what led to its wide appeal for the Chinese populace since they were undergoing a lot of suffering due to disease, displacement and scarcity of food. There was a lot of infighting between the broken state and the people of China at the time were dealing with a lot chaos and disunity. This was due to the warring states who were vying for supremacy after the fall of the Han dynasty. The Han dynasty had been so powerful and every subsequent and hopeful successor of the now divided state desired to have its glory and power. The religion of Buddhism is still very strong despite Chinas official shift to atheism. This is in spite of Communist attempts at stamping out religion when they took control of China in 1949. Buddhism continues to grow in China most especially after the economic reforms in late eighties. (PARKER, 1905) The Buddhism that took hold in China is Mahayana form of Buddhism .In it are which variations within Mahayana Buddhism such as Zen Buddhism, Pure Land Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism).The Mahayana believes in the broader interpretations of Buddha’s teachings. This is in contrast to the more abstract philosophical nature present in Theravada Buddhism. The Mahayana Buddhists also belief in more contemporary Buddha’s like Amitabha. The Theravada Buddhists are against those beliefs so do not belief in the contemporary Buddha. The Buddhisms popularity also led to the quick conversion to Buddhism by later Chinese rulers (JETTY, 1914). These rulers made Buddhism into a state religion. The subsequent Sui and Tang Dynasties also all adopted Buddhism as their religion state religion. The foreign rulers of China were also not to be left out in their pursuit and practice of Buddhism such as the Yuan Dynasty and the Manchu’s dynasties. They did this in order to connec t with the Chinese populace and

Roles Of Women In Hindi Films Media Essay

Roles Of Women In Hindi Films Media Essay Bollywood, the second largest film industry is widely known for its form of creative art. It is a form of art with the ability to entertain, educate, and reflect and shape our sense of who we are and our understanding of the society in which we live. In Hindi films there exists the hero and heroine, however gender hierarchy can be seen and importance is imposed on the male actor. One would agree that the Hindi film industry is male-centric, with limited space for females to be versatile in the character they play. The roles played by the heroine are almost replicated by the same guidelines seen within the Indian society. The Indian society is an influence to Bollywood and is what shapes and defines the roles played by females in films. It has been quoted if the image [of women in the cinema] is submissive or secondary, it is the society who is responsible for it . . . filmmakers, keeping in mind the commercial aspect of films, simply highlight what exists1. The portrayal of women in Hindi films has been stable in correspondence to the norms and values contained in the Indian society. India is known to be a hierarchal society, whether it is religion, northern or southern Indian, all groups of people are ranked according to various qualities. Within gender hierarchy, men outrank women of the same or similar age, and senior relatives outrank junior relatives2. This same concept is taken into the Hindi film industry where more emphasis is created on the male actor. From the beginning of the film process importance is on the male. For example within the internal aspects of film processing the second step is acquisition of leading male role and then followed by female acquisitions3. None the less, females are a priority in films; however their portrayals in films are steady and follow certain guidelines according to the roles played. Indian society has many norms and values, one being the role played by an individual in the society. In Indian society the dominant forms of how women are seen are either as the nurturing mother, innocent wife, the vamp, or the educated modern woman. One or more forms of these roles are always portrayed in Hindi films. With these roles come specific characteristics that are viewed in the society which are then followed and expressed in Hindi films. For example it is considered ideal for a woman in Indian society to have characteristics that include, passive, victimized, sacrificial, submissive, glorified, static, one-dimensional and resilient4. These are the traits that are then brought into the film which not only reflect culture, but also shape culture. India is a religiously complex society with dominancy in the complex religion of Hinduism. In traditional Indian society there were definite and essential norms of behaviour that were usually passed down from previous generations. For example Sita, from the Hindu mythology of Ramayana was seen as ideal woman and ideal wife as she was unwaveringly loyal to her husband and obeys his wishes unquestionably5. Hindi films have achieved this ideal of wifes self devotion. The Indian society is known to be restricted to strict rules and regulations which are to be followed by women. The moral of the Indian society states no independence in women and that she should always be under the guidance of another significant male. For example a female in childhood is subjected to her father, in youth to her husband and after to her children. This interpretation of females can be seen in the film Mother India directed by Mehoob Khan. This film reveals the ideal characteristics of a mother played by Nar gis. At the beginning of the movie it seen that she plays the typical role of a female who is married in an Indian traditional manner. The song Pi Ke Ghar Aaj Pyari Dulhaniya Chali is a significant with the line that states that it is a womens fate to leave home. This applies to the traditional moral of the female being passed on from the authority of the father to her husband who now she must be committed to. This is seen in the character. Dharma referring self-subsistence or a universal law or norm, which applies at the moral, the ritual and social level6. This is another religious and mythological aspect that is inflicted upon women. This is also portrayed in the film through and expressed in the song Duniya Men Hum Aaye Hain. Here the lyrics in the song express that the only honour that a women has in her life is a womens dharma. In context of the movie it states that a women may overcome her struggles but with the conditions that are still expected with the role of a mother. Af ter her husband leaving her she still has hope that he will return and keeps faith and raises her children on her own sacrificing everything she has. This shows the over stress on the love for husband and the duties she has as a mother. It can be seen that in any case, in Indian society the first priority of females is to always keep in mind the norms and values placed on them as females. One may argue that these norms and values have changed within the Indian society with the progression of modernization. However, the lifestyle may have changed in roles of mothers, but the beliefs of the values and norms still exist. For example Kal Ho Na Ho directed by Nikhil Advani is a film set in New York with a modern setting. The role played by Jaya Bachchan shows similar characteristics of a mother which were portrayed by Nargis in Mother India. Jaya Bachchan, also a widowed female in the film experiences many difficulties due to her husband committing suicide. Even though the true reasoning behind the suicide is known by her, the blame is turned towards her by her mother-in-law. However, this does not stop her from being loyal to her husband as she stayed widowed and to the challenge to raise her children and show her devotedness to her husband. Throughout the film we see that she still supports her husband when people including her daughter talk negatively about him. Here she is also in the struggle of raising her children up on her own and sacrifices all she has to raise them and keep them happy. In both Kal Ho Na Ho and Mother India the role of the mother can be seen to be dedicated with the qualities of self sacrifice, devotion, and religious beliefs. If not seen as a traditional woman with traditional values, in Hindi films the female is then portrayed as the vamp or modernized women. Bollywood shows both the traditional and modernity of females, yet tends to portray the modern as immoral and favour the traditional aspects. The vamp is usually portrayed as morally dishonoured person and associated with everything that is disagreeable about the west7. Again this is due to the norms and values seen in the Indian society. In this case women are seen as decorative objects and used for entertainment. Courtesan is another common role played by women which is attended for an arousing effect upon men. These types of roles are usually associated with protagonist character. The female is seen modern and revealing clothes and becomes an object of male desire. In many films with picturization of this role of female is usually seen to be glamorous and captures the females beauty in a sensual manner. An example of this is seen in the movie Sho lay directed by Ramesh  Sippy in the song Mehbooba Mehbooba. Here the female dancer appears very different from the other female lead roles. She is there for entertainment and to add glamour. Her clothes are revealing and she is used for the pleasure of the antagonist. A similar but slightly different scene is also seen in Kal Ho Na Ho with the song Its the time to disco. The difference in this song is that the lead female is in the song but is portrayed with a different characteristic that is not the usual in her role. Here Naina (Preity Zinta) is raised in New York but is a casual girl. In this particular scene the audience sees that her attire is modernized, but not revealing. However, in the song a different perspective of her is seen when she gets drunk. Her clothes become more revealing and her actions are different. This is intended to show how a female may act when they go outside of their boundaries of the Indian society and the consequence of it. Jaswinder (Lilette Dubby ) in the movie is would be seen as the vamp in the movie as her clothes are trendy and she is flirty around men. Not only are women who arent seen in traditional clothes seen as vamps, but also those who dont obey traditional rules. These would include those who are adventurous, independent and have values different from the norms. Thus, women commonly in Hindi films are either the modernized seductive role or the sophisticated tradition Indian women. There are many women in the Bombay film industry. Many have reacted with different opinions on how females are being portrayed. For example quoted from Ayesha Jhulka, an actress: You have to accept the fact that its a male-dominated industry. And you have to accept that basically heroes are given much more importance than the heroineSo its better to accept it and then carry on. You have your own place which nobody else can take. What you can do, the heroes probably cant do8. Another opinion quoted by the actress Shabana Azmi: The one thing that hasnt changed only superficially I think, is in its portrayal of womenI think its a waste if you dont offer them and give them roles that are on par with their heroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I think that would be very interesting, and basically do films that are pro-women8. Lastly. Actress Ritha Bhaduri states: At the moment I think character roles have more to say than the female heroine, actressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦There are very few films that are women-orie nted, or have a women dominating the whole thing8. From these opinions of several actresses it can be concluded that many actresses are aware of the stereotypical roles given to women in Hindi films. They do feel that there isnt much importance given to their roles, but also know that a film without a complementing female role would not do very well in the box office. Even though the roles of females are driven by the aspects in the Indian society, actresses have continued to accept the roles and play them according. As stated previously the main cause for this orientation is due to what takes place in the society. As the Indian society makes different progression a change in female roles in Hindi films will also be seen. In conclusion, the female roles played in Hindi film are very restricted and do not have space for variety. Either they are seen as objects to add glamour and entertainment to the film or they are portrayed with important roles such as mothers but with general Indian societal values that come with that role. The Indian society has a main impact on the portrayal of women in Indian cinema. The Indian society has been shaping the role of women in Hindi films Endnotes: 1 Boot, Gregory D. Making a Woman from a Tawaif: Courtesans as Heros in Hinidi Cinema. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 2007: 3 (http://www.nzasia.org). 2 James Heiztman, Robert L.Worden. India Country Studies. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 1995: 235. 3 Class lecture (Vishwanathan 2010) 4 Pattanayak, Saswat. Women journalists in Hindi Films:http://saswat.com/articles/bollywomen.htm. 5 Chap. 5 Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change, by Wimal Dissanayake K. Moti Gokulsing, 79. Trentham Books, 2004. 6 Chap. 6 Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change, by Wimal Dissanayake K. Moti Gokulsing, 39-44. Trentham Books, 2004. 7 Wimal Dissanayake.79.2004 8 In Bollywood a guide book to popular Hindi cinema , by Tejaswini Ganti. 187-192: Routledge

Comparison of two car advertisements

In this essay I plan to compare two car advertisements. One of which is about a large car, the other, a small car. In a year millions of pounds are spent on advertising so from that it is easy to accept that a car advertisement will cost a lot of money. Advertisement 1 has a frame of a Volkswagen Boulevard, facing towards the reader with three stereotypical cleaning ladies draped over the car in a humours fashion. The copy is presented below the frame with a slogan that uses both humour and rhyme. The frame does not let you see the back of the car, and the copy uses a range of print sizes. The print contains twelve short paragraphs. The advert is from the Sunday Times, which is a respectable broadsheet newspaper; the advert takes up a whole page, which is an A3 sized piece of paper. Advertisement 2 shows a large blue Volvo Estast in the countryside, surrounded by rocks grass and trees. A woman and a man are standing behind the car unpacking or packing a hiking kit. The car is shown from the back with the boot open. The rocks and the scenery are presented like this to show that the car can be used on other landscapes; the colour of the car also blends in with the scenery, as it is a natural blue. The rocks suggest that the car is rugged, strong, and long lasting, which gives a positive view towards the Volvo. The alloy wheels give it a sporty viewpoint, which is backed up with the copy â€Å"performance cars†. Volvo's are well known for their safety and this is also subconsciously shown by the red lights on the back of the car, the helmet and all the other hiking equipment that is used for safety, like the ropes. The man acts as if he owns the car, he stands at the back dominantly as he stands he seems to be taking charge, he is closer to the car from this point you can see that the advert is obviously aimed towards the male audience. The boot of the car is open to show that there is lots of space, the amount of space is also shown by the angle the frame is shown at this can make the car look bigger than it actually is. Advertisement 1 obviously has women as its target audience as they have not used glamorous women over the cars and have not gone into great detail in describing the more technical features of the car. The advertisement captures the consumers attention through the amount of space the advert takes up, only approximately one third of the page is actually taken up by the car. There is a lot of empty space around the car, and because the car is being sold as a small car the visuals represent it. Throughout the advert it stresses the point that the car is small and compact. An example of this is in the copy with â€Å"quite a little number† little being the buzzword. The advert shows individualism. â€Å"Draping models over our cars has never been our style. This advertisement is also targeted towards first time buyers as it repeats â€Å"special edition† twice and it has minor details on price in the fine print under the normal print. In conclusion both adverts are aimed towards a rather different audience but both seem affective in what they have set out to do. Advertisement 1 tells of the car being small and compact and shows it many ways, whilst advert 2 tells and shows of the car being large and sports like and shows it using more frames then print. I could see a lot of people reading these adverts and wanting to buy the cars. There fourth I think that both advertisement companies do well in what they have set out to do.

Purpose and Importance of Business Communication

B USINESS C OMMUNICATION : A N I NTRODUCTION 1. 1 I NTRODUCTION 1. 2 R OLE OF C OMMUNICATION IN B USINESS 1. 3 D EFINITIONS OF C OMMUNICATION 1. 4 P URPOSE OF C OMMUNICATION 1. 5 T HE C OMMUNICATION S ITUATION 1. 6 T HE C OMMUNICATION P ROCESS /C YCLE 1. 1 INTRODUCTION The word â€Å"communication† derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’ that means to impart, to participate, to share or to make common. It is a process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and as a means that individual or organization share meaning and understanding with one another.In other words, it is a transmission and interacting the facts, ideas, opinion, feeling and attitudes. It is the ability of mankind to communicate across barriers and beyond boundaries that has ushered the progress of mankind. It is the ability of fostering speedy and effective communication around the world that has shrunk the world and made ‘globalization’ a reality. Communication had a vital role to p lay in ensuring that people belonging to a particular country or a culture or linguistic group interact with and relate to people belonging to other countries or culture or linguistic group.Communication adds meaning to human life. It helps to build relationship and fosters love and understanding. It enriches our knowledge of the universe and makes living worthwhile. 1. 2 ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS The term business communication is used for all messages that we send and receive for official purpose like running a business, managing an organization, conducting the formal affairs of a voluntary organization and so on. Business communication is marked by formality as against personal and social communication.The success of any business to a large extent depends on efficient and effective communication. It takes place among business entities, in market and market places, within organizations and between various group of employees, owners and employees, buyers and sellers, servic e providers and customers, sales persons and prospects and also between people within the organization and the press 2 / Business Communication  ¦  ¦  ¦Ã‚ ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Ã‚ ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ persons. All such communication impacts business. Done with care, such communication can promote business interests.Otherwise, it will portray the organization in poor light and may adversely affect the business interest. Communication is the life blood of any organization and its main purpose is to effect change to influence action. In any organization the main problem is of maintaining effective communication process. The management problem generally results in poor communication. Serious mistakes are made because orders are misunderstood. The basic problem in communication is that the meaning which is actually understood may not be what the other intended to send.It must be realised that the speaker and the listener are two separate individuals having their own limit ations and number of things may happen to distort the message that pass between them. When people within the organization communicate with each other, it is internal communication. They do so to work as a team and realise the common goals. It could be official or unofficial. Modes of internal communication include face-to-face and written communication. Memos, reports, office order, circular, fax, video conferencing, meeting etc. re the examples of internal communication. When people in the organization communicate with anyone outside the organization it is called external communication. These people may be clients or customers, dealers or distributors, media, government, general public etc. are the examples of external communication. †¢ Communication is the life blood of the business. No business can develop in the absence of effective communication system. †¢ Communication is the mortar that holds an organization together, whatever its business or its size. †¢When p eople within the organization communicate with each other, it is internal communi- cation and when people in the organization communicate with anyone outside the organization it is called external communication. †¢ Ability to work well in teams, to manage your subordinates and your relationship with seniors, customers and colleagues depends on your communication skill. Exhibit : 1 1. 3 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION Communication may be defined as interchange of thought or information between two or more persons to bring about mutual understanding and desired action.It is the information exchange by words or symbols. It is the exchange of facts, ideas and viewpoints which bring about commonness of interest, purpose and efforts. American Management Association defines, ‘Communication is any behaviour that results in an exchange of meaning’. Peter Little defines communication as, ‘Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between individual s and/or organizations so that an understanding response result’. Newman and Summer Jr. state that, ‘Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons’.According to Keith Davis , ‘The process of passing the information and understanding from one person to another. It is essentially a bridge of meaning between the people. By using the bridge a person can safely across the river of misunderstanding’.  ¦  ¦  ¦Ã‚ ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Ã‚ ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Business Communication : An Introduction / 3 Louis A. Allen defines, ‘Communication is the sum total of all the things that a person does, when he wants to create an understanding in the mind of another. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding’.Therefore, the main purpose of communication is to inform, or to bring around to a certain point of view or to elicit action. 1. 4 PURPOSE OF C OMMUNICATION 1. For instruction: The instructive function unvarying and importantly deals with the commanding nature. It is more or less of directive nature. Under this, the communicator transmits with necessary directives and guidance to the next level, so as to enable them to accomplish his particular tasks. In this, instructions basically flow from top to the lower level. 2. For integration: It is consolidated function under which integration of activities is endeavoured.The integration function of communication mainly involves to bring about inter-relationship among the various functions of the business organization. It helps in the unification of different management functions. 3. For information: The purposes or function of communication in an organization is to inform the individual or group about the particular task or company policies and procedures etc. Top management informs policies to the lower level through the middle level. In turn, the lower level informs the top lev el the reaction through the middle level.Information can flow vertically, horizontally and diagonally across the organization. Becoming informed or inform others is the main purpose of communication. 4. For evaluation: Examination of activities to form an idea or judgement of the worth of task is achieved through communication. Communication is a tool to appraise the individual or team, their contribution to the organization. Evaluating one’s own inputs or other’s outputs or some ideological scheme demands an adequate and effective communication process. 5. For direction:Communication is necessary to issue directions by the top management or manager to the lower level. Employee can perform better when he is directed by his senior. Directing others may be communicated either orally or in writing. An order may be common order, request order or implied order. 6. For teaching: The importance of personal safety on the job has been greatly recognized. A complete communicatio n process is required to teach and educate workers about personal safety on the jobs. This communication helps the workers to avert accidents, risk etc. and avoid cost, procedures etc. 7. For influencing:A complete communication process is necessary in influencing others or being influenced. The individual having potential to influence others can easily persuade others. It implies the provision of feedback which tells the effect of communication. 8. For image building: A business enterprise cannot isolate from the rest of the society. There is interrelationship and interdependence between the society and an enterprise operating in the society. Goodwill and confidence are necessarily created among the public. It can be done by the communication with the different media, which has to project the image of th Purpose and Importance of Business Communication B USINESS C OMMUNICATION : A N I NTRODUCTION 1. 1 I NTRODUCTION 1. 2 R OLE OF C OMMUNICATION IN B USINESS 1. 3 D EFINITIONS OF C OMMUNICATION 1. 4 P URPOSE OF C OMMUNICATION 1. 5 T HE C OMMUNICATION S ITUATION 1. 6 T HE C OMMUNICATION P ROCESS /C YCLE 1. 1 INTRODUCTION The word â€Å"communication† derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’ that means to impart, to participate, to share or to make common. It is a process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and as a means that individual or organization share meaning and understanding with one another.In other words, it is a transmission and interacting the facts, ideas, opinion, feeling and attitudes. It is the ability of mankind to communicate across barriers and beyond boundaries that has ushered the progress of mankind. It is the ability of fostering speedy and effective communication around the world that has shrunk the world and made ‘globalization’ a reality. Communication had a vital role to p lay in ensuring that people belonging to a particular country or a culture or linguistic group interact with and relate to people belonging to other countries or culture or linguistic group.Communication adds meaning to human life. It helps to build relationship and fosters love and understanding. It enriches our knowledge of the universe and makes living worthwhile. 1. 2 ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS The term business communication is used for all messages that we send and receive for official purpose like running a business, managing an organization, conducting the formal affairs of a voluntary organization and so on. Business communication is marked by formality as against personal and social communication.The success of any business to a large extent depends on efficient and effective communication. It takes place among business entities, in market and market places, within organizations and between various group of employees, owners and employees, buyers and sellers, servic e providers and customers, sales persons and prospects and also between people within the organization and the press 2 / Business Communication  ¦  ¦  ¦Ã‚ ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Ã‚ ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ persons. All such communication impacts business. Done with care, such communication can promote business interests.Otherwise, it will portray the organization in poor light and may adversely affect the business interest. Communication is the life blood of any organization and its main purpose is to effect change to influence action. In any organization the main problem is of maintaining effective communication process. The management problem generally results in poor communication. Serious mistakes are made because orders are misunderstood. The basic problem in communication is that the meaning which is actually understood may not be what the other intended to send.It must be realised that the speaker and the listener are two separate individuals having their own limit ations and number of things may happen to distort the message that pass between them. When people within the organization communicate with each other, it is internal communication. They do so to work as a team and realise the common goals. It could be official or unofficial. Modes of internal communication include face-to-face and written communication. Memos, reports, office order, circular, fax, video conferencing, meeting etc. re the examples of internal communication. When people in the organization communicate with anyone outside the organization it is called external communication. These people may be clients or customers, dealers or distributors, media, government, general public etc. are the examples of external communication. †¢ Communication is the life blood of the business. No business can develop in the absence of effective communication system. †¢ Communication is the mortar that holds an organization together, whatever its business or its size. †¢When p eople within the organization communicate with each other, it is internal communi- cation and when people in the organization communicate with anyone outside the organization it is called external communication. †¢ Ability to work well in teams, to manage your subordinates and your relationship with seniors, customers and colleagues depends on your communication skill. Exhibit : 1 1. 3 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION Communication may be defined as interchange of thought or information between two or more persons to bring about mutual understanding and desired action.It is the information exchange by words or symbols. It is the exchange of facts, ideas and viewpoints which bring about commonness of interest, purpose and efforts. American Management Association defines, ‘Communication is any behaviour that results in an exchange of meaning’. Peter Little defines communication as, ‘Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between individual s and/or organizations so that an understanding response result’. Newman and Summer Jr. state that, ‘Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons’.According to Keith Davis , ‘The process of passing the information and understanding from one person to another. It is essentially a bridge of meaning between the people. By using the bridge a person can safely across the river of misunderstanding’.  ¦  ¦  ¦Ã‚ ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Ã‚ ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Business Communication : An Introduction / 3 Louis A. Allen defines, ‘Communication is the sum total of all the things that a person does, when he wants to create an understanding in the mind of another. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding’.Therefore, the main purpose of communication is to inform, or to bring around to a certain point of view or to elicit action. 1. 4 PURPOSE OF C OMMUNICATION 1. For instruction: The instructive function unvarying and importantly deals with the commanding nature. It is more or less of directive nature. Under this, the communicator transmits with necessary directives and guidance to the next level, so as to enable them to accomplish his particular tasks. In this, instructions basically flow from top to the lower level. 2. For integration: It is consolidated function under which integration of activities is endeavoured.The integration function of communication mainly involves to bring about inter-relationship among the various functions of the business organization. It helps in the unification of different management functions. 3. For information: The purposes or function of communication in an organization is to inform the individual or group about the particular task or company policies and procedures etc. Top management informs policies to the lower level through the middle level. In turn, the lower level informs the top lev el the reaction through the middle level.Information can flow vertically, horizontally and diagonally across the organization. Becoming informed or inform others is the main purpose of communication. 4. For evaluation: Examination of activities to form an idea or judgement of the worth of task is achieved through communication. Communication is a tool to appraise the individual or team, their contribution to the organization. Evaluating one’s own inputs or other’s outputs or some ideological scheme demands an adequate and effective communication process. 5. For direction:Communication is necessary to issue directions by the top management or manager to the lower level. Employee can perform better when he is directed by his senior. Directing others may be communicated either orally or in writing. An order may be common order, request order or implied order. 6. For teaching: The importance of personal safety on the job has been greatly recognized. A complete communicatio n process is required to teach and educate workers about personal safety on the jobs. This communication helps the workers to avert accidents, risk etc. and avoid cost, procedures etc. 7. For influencing:A complete communication process is necessary in influencing others or being influenced. The individual having potential to influence others can easily persuade others. It implies the provision of feedback which tells the effect of communication. 8. For image building: A business enterprise cannot isolate from the rest of the society. There is interrelationship and interdependence between the society and an enterprise operating in the society. Goodwill and confidence are necessarily created among the public. It can be done by the communication with the different media, which has to project the image of th

Gender Inequality Of The American Family - 845 Words

Christina Cauterucci (2016) introduced shocking findings related to current gender norms in America from a recent study that was published by Indiana University researchers. These findings indicated that rigid gender expectations related to household labor continue to persist in American families. These findings may have come as no surprise during the 1950’s. However, since the 1950’s social movements and organizations have emerged and focused much of their time on the unequal division of household labor in American households. For example, Lamanna et al. (2012) explained how the feminist movement developed in the 1960’s and made strides towards abolishing inequality between males and females in American households (p. 41). This movement was inspired by an interest in adopting elements from Karl Marx’s conflict theory to explain the inequalities of the American family. From here, feminist theory arose and was used to address power differentials between ind ividuals of American families. Overall, the theory has largely focused on gender related issues that are rooted in the idea that American society is, in fact, a male dominated patriarchy. With movements like this in mind, one would think that previous generations’ norms related to gender and household chores would have weakened by now, but the findings introduced by Cauterucci (2016) have suggested quite the opposite. Gender norms and expectations continue to persist despite radical changes to the American family. The newShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality863 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Fischer Gender Inequality in a Global Perspective What is Gender Inequality? Like others, a social problem that is widespread in American society is Gender inequality. It is a problem that has had a negative impact on American society. Gender inequality can be found in many sub-systems of America. It is important to understand what gender inequality is in order to identify and correct the problem. Two sub-systems that gender inequality can be found are in the family and in the workplaceRead MoreWhy Race and Gender Inequality Still Exist1101 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies ago, but inequalities between gender and race continue to exist. To analyze why gender and racial inequalities prevail, human capital theory and functionalism take into account cultural, historical, and economic factors. In my opinion, the human capital theory presents a more persuasive reason. Although race and gender inequalities in the United States have diminished in the past few centuries, many aspects of these inequalities still persist today. Race and gender inequalities are covert, andRead MoreQuestions On Inequalities Of Gender Inequality1625 Words   |  7 Pages1. Inequalities of Gender 1. Discuss the various forms of Gender inequality 2. 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Gender inequality refers to disproportionate dealing or assessmentsRead MoreA Response on Social Inequality Essay683 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ A Response on Social Inequality We live in a culturally diverse world. Age, gender, sexual orientation, ethnic heritage and race are some of the diverse areas in society that are deemed significant. In spite of all these differences we tend to center ourselves around people who are similar to us; those who share the same biological and physical characteristics, same status and similar lifestyles. Because of this it is our human nature to be ethnocentric towards those who are different fromRead MoreEconomic Inequality, Inequality And Inequality952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe OECD, the term inequality in the opposite of equity can be defined as evenness or fairness within the social, political, and economic perspectives. Equity forms the core value of both the western democratic tradition and religions. 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The Legacy Of The Civil War - 1827 Words

A country once polarized upon different beliefs, ideals, and values resulted in one of the most pivotal events of our country’s character that did more than just unify a nation. At the expense of 620,000 men, two opposing sides shed their blood, sweat, and tears fighting for a cause that pushed them to sacrifice their lives and their homes on the frontlines. The North’s desire for unification and the South’s urge to preserve its institution eventually brought our country into a period of bloodshed. The obvious answer is that the war brought along freedom of around four million people in which altered the lives of Americans, however there is a great deal more to be said about the legacy of the Civil War. Even now, the war creates a lasting shadow that continues to impact America. The war transformed the political, social, and economic scene, and led to advancements in technology and health-care that created a huge mile stone for the future. Within such a short t ime period, our nation became larger, more active, and more assertive globally. Although its legacy has left an impression on our improvements today, the memory of the war still maintains its influence on the hearts and minds of the South. As many continue to reminisce the war’s detrimental impact, personal tie, and lost cause, the iconic battles of 1861 to 1865 remain mentally and politically potent forces in the lives of Southerners through its sustained relevance and the unrelenting Confederate mindsetShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Civil War1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthan providing all the information in words, adding visual effects were a relief to the eyes. Both the American Christianity and the legacy of the Civil War led to the development of modern republican government. The federal government declared the Civil War. They waged it both in effort to end slavery and in hopes of reuniting the split nation. Following the Civil War, the central government withdrew again - the South, in turmoil and confusion, threatened to break up into riotous anarchy and the federalRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pages The year is 1865, Lincoln is dead, and through some convoluted, insane process I am now the President. God help us all. I am faced with the challenge of uniting a fractured nation, war-torn, weary, and directionless. For all the guff Lincoln gave about preserving the union, he did a terrible job. Yes, we are physically one nation, but dominion under continual threat of violence is precisely what our forefathers fought against in the Revolution. If I had been president, this would never have beenRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War2375 Words   |  10 PagesAfter the following victory of the Northern Unionist over the Confederate forces in the Civil War, the current president of USA Abraham Lincoln had followed through with his Emancipation Proclamation this time of period was soon to be known as the Reconstruction era. Through these actions of Abraham Lincoln this had resulted in the passing of amendments to the constitution in which where 13th,14th, 15th these amendments had given African Americans the one thing they had been long aching for and workedRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War2131 Words   |  9 PagesThe Civil War left the entire nation in disarray. Over six hundred thousand soldiers were dead, reconstruction was to be started, and the nation was further divided. During this time, Abraham Lincoln was the President of the United States and he was going to make the Union whole once again. His plans were cut sho rt however, by the tragic and sudden assassination at Ford’s Theatre in 1865. Abraham Lincoln was the most influential leader in United States history; his death impacted millions of peopleRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1508 Words   |  7 Pagesmore than 620,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were massacred. In only four years America annihilated the number of American soldiers killed in all other wars combined. America experienced her first full scale house division. The people were in such confusion, Reconstruction Acts had to be used to bring the country back together. Civil War introduced a split country, breaks of states from the union, the South denying rights to emancipated slaves, improving the lifestyle for African Americans, deathRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War was one of the most bloody and divisive conflicts in United States’ history. While the conflict may have spanned over four years, its origins d ate back to the birth of the nation. The fracturing of the early political system on the basis of location, party, economic visions were the beginning of fundamental differences between the states. As the political, social, and economic patterns developed throughout the nation, the regional and ideological differences only deepened, leading toRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War907 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was one of the most controversial periods in American history. As a result of the controversy, there have been many theories that explain the cause of the war. Most theories state the causes of this conflict arose from geographic, economic, political, and even social differences. Tensions over slavery had been building for decades, and every time a new state in the West was added, there was an extremely tense debate over whether or not slavery would be permitted in the new state. AmericansRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesLloyd Garriso n describes few of many changes that occurred after the Civil War, including the abolishment of slavery and the African American being granted for the first time in history the right to vote. As the civil war came to an end, the United States began to establish an undivided nation. This era known as the reconstruction era is described as â€Å"meaning literally the rebuilding of a shattered nation. (verterans of the civil movment, n.d.) Reconstruction’s main goal was to reintroduce the SouthRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1422 Words   |  6 Pages​The devastating years of the Civil War finally came to an end. African Americans becoming enslaved and having freedom was a huge development during reconstruction. Freedom had important changes in African American lives, education and religious practices. Due to Abraham Lincoln emancipation of slavery, freedom became a reality for many slaves. The republicans had a great impact on the reconstruction of the Civil War by creating Freedmen’s Bureau, passing the fourteen and fifteenth amendment andRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1755 Words   |  8 PagesTimes of war often debut new technology that shapes the future. Seeing as how the Civil War was known as the first modern war, it is appropriate to say that much new technological advancement was made. Behind every piece of new technology or idea, there is a person or team that dedicated their time to the development. When it comes to the Civil War aeronautics and much other future advancement, Thaddeus S. C. Lowe is the man behind it. Lowe was an integral part in the success of the aeronautics division